Problems of information support of scientific innovation and industrial spheres: New conceptual approaches

The discrepancy between national information infrastructure capabilities and the present-day requirements of the new economic institutional environment is one of main causes of the gap between the significant volume of fundamental and applied innovation research results that have commercialization potential, and the actual abilities of our domestic industry to assimilate these results, which exists in Russia. The purpose of this article is to form at least a rough conceptual look at an effective information infrastructure for innovation and scientific and technical activities, which corresponds to the present-day requirements of the new economic institutional environment in Russia. To solve the problem of overcoming inertial trends in national information system development, new ideas and new conceptual approaches are required. The presented conceptual approaches are oriented toward solving the problems of modernization and the development of a qualitatively new structural and substantial organization of the national information system. Most of the critical phases of information support of the stages of technology transfer and the basic principles of information infrastructure development are shown. A brief enumeration of the set of key actions on the development of the information infrastructure of the scientific, technical, and industrial spheres is provided.     

信息构建在政府信息公开中的应用——以政府网站信息公开栏目建设为例

政府信息公开是现代政府的必然选择,政府网站是政府信息公开的主渠道。作为使信息得到清晰表达、易于理解的手段和方法,信息构建在网站建设中发挥着重要作用。本文采用多案例研究方法,选取上海市、北京市以及浙江省政府网站信息公开栏目作为研究对象,运用信息构建的思想对其进行了定性分析,比较其优点与不足,以期为我国政府网站信息公开栏目的建设提供指导和借鉴。     

基于管理控制和组织支持的知识转化理论研究

文章将知识分为全隐性知识、半隐性知识、半显性知识和全显性知识,并提出了基于这四类知识的六种知识转化模式,即社会化、自组织化、半显性化、全显性化、整合化和内在化。文章分析了全显性化和整合化两种转化模式的客观性,以及社会化、自组织化、半显性化和内在化四种模式的主观性,并提出组织应通过管理控制来促进客观性知识转化,通过增强组织支持来推动主观性知识转化。     

Social welfare implications of the digital divide

The Internet plays a critical role in informing individuals about society, politics, business, and the environment. So much so that it has been said that the digital divide makes the segment of society on the “right side” of the divide (the digitally endowed group) better off and that on the “wrong side” (the digitally challenged group) worse off. This is not always true, however, in a social choice situation where members of a society collectively choose one alternative from a set of alternatives. To identify conditions when this does not hold, a model of the digital divide is setup in which the digitally endowed group receives better information than the digitally challenged group. Preferences of all individuals over outcomes are distributed over a scale. This distribution is correlated with the digital divide: the outcome preferred by the digitally endowed group differs from that preferred by the other group. The alternative chosen by majority becomes the choice of the overall society. The ensuing analysis shows that individuals located centrally on the preference scale are sensitive to information about the state. The choice of centrally located digitally challenged individuals, made on a lack of information, makes the digitally challenged group worse off as has been predicted before. In some cases, the digitally endowed group is worse off as well. In the case of highly polar alternatives, social welfare decreases due to the welfare loss of the digitally endowed group. Results suggest that policymakers must manage the digital divide in a customized manner depending on the preferences context. They should not only focus on improving the welfare of the digitally challenged, but also focus on the welfare of the digitally endowed group so that this welfare does not decrease.     

User acceptance of intergovernmental services: An example of electronic document management system

The traditional focus of intergovernmental services research has been on technological development, not on user acceptance; yet user acceptance of intergovernmental services in each electronic government (e-Government) implementation affects the ultimate success of the e-Government project. In the e-Government implementation context, many governments have invested huge amounts of money and manpower to make intergovernmental services both available and user-accepted, although some individuals have no intention of using them. The electronic document management system (EDMS) is the most popular intergovernmental service in the e-Government project. Thus, e-Government researchers need to identify the factors that determine user acceptance of EDMS.     

In pursuit of the effective neighborhood information system: User-friendliness and training

The goal of this research is to address the effectiveness of Neighborhood Information Systems (NIS) as an Information Technology (IT) tool in assisting community development. NISs are hybrid applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and web technologies that provide demographic, social, and economic information to community stakeholders. Government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and community organizations engage in decision-making process for community development, and NISs are designed to help information-sharing and effective and participatory decision-makings for community development stakeholders.     

Tasks, topics and relevance judging for the TREC Genomics Track: five years of experience evaluating biomedical text information retrieval systems

With the help of a team of expert biologist judges, the TREC Genomics track has generated four large sets of “gold standard” test collections, comprised of over a hundred unique topics, two kinds of ad hoc retrieval tasks, and their corresponding relevance judgments. Over the years of the track, increasingly complex tasks necessitated the creation of judging tools and training guidelines to accommodate teams of part-time short-term workers from a variety of specialized biological scientific backgrounds, and to address consistency and reproducibility of the assessment process. Important lessons were learned about factors that influenced the utility of the test collections including topic design, annotations provided by judges, methods used for identifying and training judges, and providing a central moderator “meta-judge”.     

Introduction to the special issue on teaching and learning in information retrieval

We present an overview of the special issue in this paper. The main objective is to provide information for lecturers on how to improve the student experience, using current knowledge in the field. To this end we present an overview of six papers covering areas as diverse as tools and methods used to support teaching and learning, pedagogical challenges in teaching mathematics for search, etc.     

蒙古文资源数字化共建共享保障体系研究

[目的/意义] 由于蒙古文书写特性、阅读习惯、文字排版等方面的特殊要求,蒙古文资源的数字化建设一直困扰着学术界。为了满足专家学者对蒙古文研究的热衷和用户对蒙古文资源利用的需求,从多维度对制约蒙古文资源数字化共建共享的因素进行深入分析。[方法/过程] 借鉴中外文资源的“数字资源整合”模式和“数字资源聚合”模式的资源组织方式,在多种语言组织之间建立关联关系,从多个维度探讨蒙古文资源共建共享保障体系建设,并从信息资源环境视角改造现有蒙古文资源数字化建设路径。[结果/结论] 在对蒙古文资源共建共享保障体系研究的基础上,进一步对其进行改造,提出蒙古文资源共建共享保障体系路径,并对路径进行优化,为蒙古文资源数字化建设实践提供切实可行的参考和借鉴。     

iSchools专业整合现状调查与启示

[目的/意义] 获取分析iSchools专业整合的现状, 为我国图书情报专业人才培养提供参考建议。[方法/过程] 对iSchools的网站进行调研, 从跨学科专业设置、双学位两个方面对iSchools专业整合的现状与特点进行总结。[结果/结论] 专业整合是iSchools发展的显著特征, 能够促进教学科研活动的开展, 提升学科影响力, 增强学生职业竞争力, 拓展专业覆盖面。我国需要借鉴其经验, 通过专业整合促进人才培养, 在整合进程中注重整合学科的选择, 采用适合的专业整合方式, 同时保持学科的独立性与特色。